Objective To investigate the species distribution and breeding habitats of sandflies, and to provide a scientific basis for the risk assessment of sandflies and the formulation of prevention and control strategies for kala-azar. Methods Light traps were used to collect sandflies in different habitats of Sanmenxia, Henan province, China from July to August in 2018. The collected sandflies were frozen before sorting, putting into tubes, and marking. Then fresh samples were randomly selected and dissected for species identification. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The chi-square test was used to compare the sandfly distribution between groups. Results All counties (cities, districts) in Sanmenxia had kala-azar vector sandflies, and a total of 1 369 sandflies (38.03 sandflies/lamp·night) were collected using the light traps. There was a statistical difference in sandfly distribution between different areas and habitats ( χ ²=571.957, P<0.001). There was also a statistical difference in sandfly distribution between the three types of habitats (cave dwellings, tile-roofed adobe house, and brick house) ( χ ²=341.209, P<0.001). The overall sex ratio of sandflies was 2.05:1, with a statistical difference between five habitats ( χ ²=262.201, P<0.001). Specifically, females accounted for relatively high proportions in human settlements, pigpens, sheepfolds, followed by cowsheds, while males accounted for a relatively high proportion in chicken coop. Via molecular identification, the sandfly species were identified as Phlebotomus chinensis, Sergentomyia khawi, and Se. squamirostris. Conclusion Sandflies are widely distributed in specific rural environment of Sanmenxia. Preventing imported cases and controlling internal vectors, strengthening the comprehensive control in barns, and targeted monitoring and early warning of sandflies in tourism and canine habitats may effectively prevent the recurrence and transmission of kala-azar.

【Abstract】 The necessities, constraint factors and sustainable development strategy of vector control were discussed, which will provide the reference and instruction for the management of public health emergency, the guarantee of public health and the building of harmonious and sustainable development society and make the vectors density be the low level that can’t cause health problem in a long time.

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the resistance of housefly, Musca domestica, to four insecticides in Sanmenxia  city so as to provide the science evidence for the reasonable use of insecticides. Methods The resistance of house fly was determined by the traditional topical dropping method. Results The resistances ratios （R/S） of housefly to deltamethrin, DDVP, permethrin and Beta-cypermethrin were 120.17, 69.02, 65.91, and 59.78, respectively. Conclusion Housefly had high resistance to four common insecticides, highest to deltamethrin. It suggested that the rotational and mixed use of insecticides could control effectively housefly. The emphasis of housefly control will be put on the environment improvement, and the integrated pest management   strategy will be the best effective way to control housefly.